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final KeywordUse the final keyword to indicate constant fields and local variables. A field can be final static.
Java
This page was last reviewed on May 20, 2022.
Final. A value cannot be changed. For example 10 is 10. We cannot change 10 to 20. With a variable, we can assign new values—but a value is final.
With the final keyword, we indicate a field or local is constant (a value). A final thing is in its terminal state. It cannot ever become something new.
First example. Here we introduce a class with 2 final ints on it. The Box class has width and height final values on it. These can be accessed like fields.
Tip We can use one constant to specify another constant. Here the "height" constant is based on the final width constant.
class Box { // This class has final ints on it. final int width = 10; final int height = width * 2; public int area() { return width * height; } } public class Program { public static void main(String[] args) { // Create and use class with final ints. Box box = new Box(); System.out.println(box.area()); } }
200
Final static. In Java the static keyword means a field that is based on the type, not the instance of the type. It only exists once at a time in memory.
Here We use a final static string. This is a constant that can be accessed on the type, not an instance of the type. It cannot be changed.
static Initializer
public class Program { // This String is both final and static. final static String description = "Hello world program"; public static void main(String[] args) { // Print string. System.out.println(description); } }
Hello world program
Final String. Here we use a final String. We then create a string with the same value (Hyperion) and compare the two. We must use equals() to compare two strings based on data.
String equals
public class Program { public static void main(String[] args) { // This is a final String. final String name = "Hyperion"; // Construct another String. String test = "Hyper"; String test2 = test + "ion"; System.out.println(name); // Equals test the two strings. System.out.println(name.equals(test2)); // The string references are different. System.out.println(name == test2); } }
Hyperion true false
Final error. We cannot assign to a final value. We receive a "cannot be assigned" error in this case. The program will not compile.
public class Program { public static void main(String[] args) { final int size = 10; // This fails with a compilation error. size = 200; } }
The final local variable size cannot be assigned. It must be blank and not using a compound assignment
A review. The final keyword is not related to the finally keyword. Final indicates constancy. Meanwhile finally is part of an exception handling construct.
try
Dot Net Perls is a collection of tested code examples. Pages are continually updated to stay current, with code correctness a top priority.
Sam Allen is passionate about computer languages. In the past, his work has been recommended by Apple and Microsoft and he has studied computers at a selective university in the United States.
This page was last updated on May 20, 2022 (edit).
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